UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT JUSTICES BIOGRAPHICAL DATA, 1789-1958 (ICPSR 7240) Principal Investigator John R. Schmidhauser STUDY DESCRIPTION BIOGRAPHICAL DATA ON THE NINETY-TWO SUPREME COURT JUSTICES APPOINTED BETWEEN 1789 AND 1958 WERE GATHERED BY JOHN R. SCHMIDHAUSER OF THE UNIVERSITY OF IOWA IN 1958. INTEREST IN THIS BACKGROUND INFORMATION REFLECTS A 20TH CENTURY ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF THE SUBJECTIVE, AS WELL AS THE TRADITIONALLY APPROVED MECHANISTIC, ELEMENTS PRESENT IN THE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS EVEN ON THE HIGHEST COURT IN THE UNITED STATES. THE STUDY RECORDS SUCH PERSONAL DATA AS PLACE OF BIRTH, EDUCATION, POLITICAL AS WELL AS NON-POLITICAL OCCUPA- TION, LEGAL AND JUDICIAL EXPERIENCE, AGE AT THE TIME OF SUPREME COURT APPOINTMENT, ETHNIC BACKGROUND, AND RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION. OTHER BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON EACH JUSTICE INCLUDES HIS PARTY IDENTIFICATION, HIS REPUTATION AS A FREQUENT DISSENTER, AND THE STATE FROM WHICH HE WAS APPOINTED. VARIOUS ASPECTS OF FAMILY BACKGROUND -- SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC STATUS, PATERNAL OCCUPATION, AND FAMILIAL TRADITIONS OF JUDICIAL SERVICE -- ARE ALSO EXPLORED. INTERPRETATION AND ELABORATION OF THE RAW BIOGRAPHICAL DATA ACCUMULATED IN THIS STUDY ARE AVAILABLE IN JOHN R. SCHMIDHAUSER'S ARTICLE "THE JUSTICES OF THE SUPREME COURT - A COLLECTIVE PORTRAIT", MIDWEST JOURNAL OF POLITICAL SCIENCE, VOLUME 3 (FEBRUARY 1959), NO. VAR 0002 NAME-JUSTICE ID NUMBER NO MISSING DATA CODES JUSTICE IDENTIFICATION NUMBER MAJOR SOURCES FOR SOCIAL BACKGROUND STUDY OF THE MEMBERSHIP OF THE SUPREME COURT (1789-1958), IN ORDER OF THEIR APPOINTMENT. JUSTICE NAME DATES OF SERVICE 01. JOHN JAY 1789-1795 02. JOHN RUTLEDGE 1789-1791, 1795 03. WILLIAM CUSHING 1789-1810 04. JAMES WILSON 1789-1798 05. JOHN BLAIR 1789-1796 06. JAMES IREDELL 1790-1799 07. THOMAS JOHNSON 1791-1793 08. WILLIAM PATERSON 1793-1806 09. SAMUEL CHASE 1796-1811 10. OLIVER ELLSWORTH 1796-1800 11. BUSHROD WASHINGTON 1798-1829 12. ALFRED MOORE 1799-1804 13. JOHN MARSHALL 1801-1835 14. WILLIAM JOHNSON 1804-1834 15. HENRY BROCKHOLST LIVINGSTON 1806-1823 16. THOMAS TODD 1807-1826 17. GABRIEL DUVAL 1812-1835 18. JOSEPH STORY 1811-1845 19. SMITH THOMPSON 1823-1843 20. ROBERT TRIMBLE 1826-1828 21. JOHN MCLEAN 1829-1861 22. HENRY BALDWIN 1830-1844 23. JAMES M. WAYNE 1835-1867 24. ROGER B. TANEY 1836-1864 25. PHILIP P. BARBOUR 1836-1841 26. JOHN CATRON 1837-1865 27. JOHN MCKINLEY 1837-1852 28. PETER V. DANIEL 1841-1860 29. SAMUEL NELSON 1845-1872 30. LEVI WOODBURY 1845-1851 31. ROBERT C. GRIER 1846-1870 32. BENJAMIN R. CURTIS 1851-1857 33. JOHN A. CAMPBELL 1853-1861 34. NATHAN CLIFFORD 1858-1881 35. NOAH H. SWAYNE 1862-1881 36. SAMUEL F. MILLER 1862-1890 37. DAVID DAVIS 1862-1877 38. STEPHEN J. FIELD 1863-1897 39. SALMON P. CHASE 1864-1873 40. WILLIAM STRONG 1870-1880 41. JOSEPH P. BRADLEY 1870-1892 42. WARD HUNT 1872-1882 43. MORRISON R. WAITE 1874-1888 44. JOHN MARSHALL HARLAN 1877-1911 45. WILLIAM B. WOODS 1880-1887 46. STANLEY MATTHEWS 1881-1889 47. HORACE GRAY 1881-1902 48. SAMUEL BLATCHFORD 1882-1893 49. LUCIUS Q.C. LAMAR 1888-1893 50. MELVILLE W. FULLER 1888-1910 51. DAVID J. BREWER 1889-1910 52. HENRY B. BROWN 1890-1906 53. GEORGE SHIRAS 1892-1903 54. HOWELL E. JACKSON 1893-1895 55. EDWARD D. WHITE 1894-1921 56. RUFUS W. PECKHAM 1895-1909 57. JOSEPH MCKENNA 1898-1925 58. OLIVER W. HOLMES 1902-1932 59. WILLIAM RUFUS DAY 1903-1922 60. WILLIAM H. MOODY 1906-1910 61. HORACE H. LURTON 1909-1914 62. CHARLES E. HUGHES 1910-1916 1930-1941 63. WILLIS VAN DEVANTER 1910-1937 64. JOSEPH R. LAMAR 1910-1916 65. MAHLON PITNEY 1912-1922 66. JAMES C. MCREYNOLDS 1914-1941 67. LOUIS D. BRANDEIS 1916-1939 68. JOHN H. CLARKE 1916-1922 69. WILLIAM H. TAFT 1921-1930 70. GEORGE SUTHERLAND 1922-1938 71. PIERCE BUTLER 1922-1939 72. EDWARD T. SANFORD 1923-1930 73. HARLAN F. STONE 1925-1946 74. OWEN J. ROBERTS 1930-1945 75. BENJAMIN N. CARDOZO 1932-1938 76. HUGO L. BLACK 1937- 77. STANLEY F. REED 1938-1957 78. FELIX FRANKFURTER 1939- 79. WILLIAM O. DOUGLAS 1939- 80. FRANK MURPHY 1940-1949 81. JAMES F. BYRNES 1941-1942 82. ROBERT H. JACKSON 1941-1954 83. WILEY B. RUTLEDGE 1943-1949 84. HAROLD H. BURTON 1945-1958 85. FRED M. VINSON 1946-1953 86. TOM C. CLARK 1949- 87. SHERMAN MINTON 1949-1956 88. EARL WARREN 1953- 89. JOHN M. HARLAN 1955- 90. WILLIAM J. BBENNAN 1956- 91. CHARLES E. WHITTAKER 1957- 92. POTTER C. STEWART 1958- VAR 0003 NAME-PARTY IDENTIFICATION MD=GE 98 PARTY IDENTIFICATION 13 01. FEDERALIST 4 02. JEFFERSONIAN REPUBLICAN 4 03. NATIONAL REPUBLICAN 11 04. JACKSONIAN DEMOCRAT 26 05. WHIG, AMERICAN ("KNOW NOTHING"), OR REPUBLICAN 10 06. NORTHERN DEMOCRAT 2 07. CALHOUN OR STATES RIGHTS SOUTHERN DEMOCRAT 3 08. LIBERAL SOUTHERN DEMOCRAT 9 09. SOUTHERN DEMOCRAT OR CONSERVATIVE NORTHERN DEMOCRAT 10 10. LIBERAL REPUBLICAN 98. UNKNOWN OR INDEPENDENT VAR 0004 NAME-REPUTATION-FRQNT DSNTR NO MISSING DATA CODES REPUTATION AS A FREQUENT DISSENTER (BASED ON ZOBELL AND EVANS) 28 1. HAD SUCH A REPUTATION 64 5. DID NOT HAVE SUCH A REPUTATION VAR 0005 NAME-STATE APPOINTED FROM NO MISSING DATA CODES REGIONAL BACKGROUND -- STATE APPOINTED FROM NEW ENGLAND 3 101. CONNECTICUT 1 102. MAINE 8 103. MASSACHUSETTS 1 104. NEW HAMPSHIRE 105. RHODE ISLAND 106. VERMONT MIDDLE ATLANTIC 111. DELAWARE 4 112. NEW JERSEY 12 113. NEW YORK 6 114. PENNSYLVANIA EAST NORTH CENTRAL 2 121. ILLINOIS 1 122. INDIANA 2 123. MICHIGAN 9 124. OHIO 125. WISCONSIN WEST NORTH CENTRAL 2 131. IOWA 1 132. KANSAS 1 133. MINNESOTA 1 134. MISSOURI 135. NEBRASKA 136. NORTH DAKOTA 137. SOUTH DAKOTA SOLID SOUTH 5 140. VIRGINIA 3 141. ALABAMA 142. ARKANSAS 143. FLORIDA 3 144. GEORGIA 1 145. LOUISIANA 1 146. MISSISSIPPI 2 147. NORTH CAROLINA 3 148. SOUTH CAROLINA 1 149. TEXAS BORDER STATES 5 151. KENTUCKY 4 152. MARYLAND 153. OKLAHOMA 5 154. TENNESSEE 155. WASHINGTON, D.C. 156. WEST VIRGINIA MOUNTAIN STATES 161. ARIZONA 162. COLORADO 163. IDAHO 164. MONTANA 165. NEVADA 166. NEW MEXICO 1 167. UTAH 1 168. WYOMING PACIFIC STATES 3 171. CALIFORNIA 172. OREGON 173. WASHINGTON EXTERNAL STATES 180. ALASKA 181. HAWAII VAR 0006 NAME-ETHNIC BACKGROUND MD=GE 888 ETHNIC BACKGROUND 53 301. ENGLISH AND WELSH 5 302. IRISH 22 303. SCOTCH (IRISH) 1 310. AUSTRIAN 4 312. FRENCH 3 315. GERMAN 2 317. DUTCH 318. SWISS 1 329. SCANDINAVIAN (DANISH, FINNISH, NORWEGIAN OR SWEDISH) 331. CZECH 336. POLISH 337. RUSSIAN 351. ITALIAN 1 359. SPANISH OR PORTUGESE 699. AFRICAN 888. OTHER VAR 0007 NAME-RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION MD=GE 99 RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION 37 10. EPISCOPALIAN 4 11. CONGREGATIONAL 15 12. PRESBYTERIAN 1 13. FRENCH CALVINIST 3 14. METHODIST 1 15. DUTCH REFORMED 4 16. BAPTIST 1 17. LUTHERAN 2 18. DISCIPLES OF CHRIST 4 19. PROTESTANT (LACKING OTHER INFORMATION) 6 20. ROMAN CATHOLIC 8 30. UNITARIAN 1 31. QUAKER 3 40. JEWISH 2 50. NO DENOMINATION 99. NA VAR 0008 NAME-PARENTAL OCC NOT-POLTL MD=GE 88 PATERNAL OCCUPATION (NON-POLITICAL) 12 01. PLANTATION OWNER 1 02. UNION ORGANIZER 16 03. BUSINESSMAN, MANUFACTURER, PROPRIETOR 21 06. LAWYER 9 08. CLERGYMAN 9 09. WELL-TO-DO FARMER 8 10. SMALL FARMER 3 11. MECHANIC (SKILLED) 12. LABORER 11 13. PROFESSIONAL 2 88. OTHER 99. NA VAR 0009 NAME-PARENTAL OCC-POLITICAL MD=GE 88 PATERNAL OCCUPATION (POLITICAL) 10 01. STATE JUDGE OR JUDICIAL OFFICIAL SUCH AS CLERK OF COURT 15 02. LOCAL OR STATE EXECUTIVE OFFICIAL (ELECTIVE) 1 03. LOCAL OR STATE EXECUTIVE OFFICIAL (APPOINTIVE) 1 04. U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 05. U.S. SENATE 1 06. FEDERAL EXECUTIVE (APPOINTIVE) 07. FEDERAL EXECUTIVE (ELECTIVE) 08. FEDERAL DISTRICT JUDGE 09. FEDERAL CIRCUIT-JUDGE 8 10. STATE LEGISLATOR 1 11. PARTY MANAGER 12. PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN MANAGER 1 13. UNSUCCESSFUL CANDIDATE 14. PRESIDENTIAL ELECTOR 52 15. NON-POLITICAL 16. STATE CONSTITUTION CONVENTION 88. OTHER 2 99. NA VAR 0010 NAME-JUSTICE OCC NOT POLTL MD=GE 88 JUSTICE'S OCCUPATION (NON-POLITICAL) 1 01. PLANTATION OWNER 02. UNION ORGANIZER 03. BUSINESSMAN, MANUFACTURER, PROPRIETOR 91 06. LAWYER 08. CLERGYMAN 09. WELL-TO-DO FARMER 10. SMALL FARMER 11. MECHANIC (SKILLED) 12. LABORER 13. PROFESSIONAL 88. OTHER 99. NA VAR 0011 NAME-JUSTICE OCC-POLITICAL MD=GE 88 JUSTICE'S OCCUPATION (POLITICAL) 17 01. STATE JUDGE OR JUDICIAL OFFICIAL SUCH AS CLERK OF COURT 10 02. LOCAL OR STATE EXECUTIVE OFFICIAL (ELECTIVE) 03. LOCAL OR STATE EXECUTIVE OFFICIAL (APPOINTIVE) 3 04. U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 11 05. U.S. SENATE 26 06. FEDERAL EXECUTIVE (APPOINTIVE) 1 07. FEDERAL EXECUTIVE (ELECTIVE) 5 08. FEDERAL DISTRICT JUDGE 4 09. FEDERAL CIRCUIT JUDGE 8 10. STATE LEGISLATOR 3 11. PARTY MANAGER 12. PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN MANAGER 2 13. UNSUCCESSFUL CANDIDATE 14. PRESIDENTIAL ELECTOR 1 15. NON-POLITICAL 1 16. STATE CONSTITUTION CONVENTION 88. OTHER 99. NA VAR 0012 NAME-PLACE OF BIRTH NO MISSING DATA CODES PLACE OF BIRTH 86 1. NATIVE BORN 5 2. EUROPE 1 3. ASIA 4. AFRICA 5. AUSTRALIA 6. SOUTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA 7. CANADA AND NEWFOUNDLAND VAR 0013 NAME-SIZE OF TOWN WHERE BORN NO MISSING DATA CODES SIZE OF TOWN IN MOST CASES, THIS WILL ALSO BE THE TOWN WHERE THE JUSTICE WAS RAISED. 21 1. RURAL 35 2. SMALL TOWN OR VILLAGE 5 3. SMALL CITY 18 4. URBAN CENTER 13 5. METROPOLIS 6. SUBURBAN VAR 0014 NAME-NON-LEGAL EDUCATION NO MISSING DATA CODES NON-LEGAL EDUCATION 12 1. PRIVATE TUTOR 7 2. FRONTIER SCHOOL OR PUBLIC SCHOOL 17 3. COLLEGE OR UNIVERSITY OF AVERAGE STANDING IN THE PERIOD 56 4. COLLEGE OF UNIVERSITY OF HIGH STANDING IN THE PERIOD VAR 0015 NAME-LEGAL EDUCATION NO MISSING DATA CODES LEGAL EDUCATION 35 1. LAW SCHOOL OF HIGH STANDING IN THE PERIOD 12 2. LAW SCHOOL OF AVERAGE STANDING IN THE PERIOD 32 3. PRIVATE APPRENTICESHIP UNDER A PROMINENT LAWYER OR JUDGE 11 4. PRIVATE APPRENTICESHIP UNDER AN AVERAGE PRACTITIONER 2 5. SELF-TAUGHT OR APPRENTICE AS A COURT CLERK 0. NO LEGAL TRAINING VAR 0016 NAME-TYP LWYR BFR JDCL APTMNT MD=0 OR GE 7 TYPE OF LAWYER PRIOR TO JUDICIAL APPOINTMENT 55 1. LAWYER WHO WAS PRIMARILY POLITICIAN 2. LAWYER IN GENERAL PRACTICE 29 3. PRIMARILY CORPORATION OR BUSINESS LAWYER 4 4. PRIMARILY ACADEMICIAN 4 5. ENGAGED IN JUDICIAL ADMINISTRATION (I.E.,COURT CLERK, ETC.) 7. NONE OF THESE, OTHER 0. NOT LAWYER AT ALL VAR 0017 NAME-ANY JUDICIAL EXPERIENCE MD=GE 9 JUDICIAL EXPERIENCE 58 1. HAD SOME JUDICIAL EXPERIENCE 34 5. HAD NO JUDICIAL EXPERIENCE 9. NA VAR 0018 NAME-EXTENT JDCL EXPERIENCE NO MISSING DATA CODES EXTENT OF PRIOR JUDICIAL EXPERIENCE 38 1. WITH EXTENSIVE PRIOR JUDICIAL EXPERIENCE (MEETS REQUIREMENTS OF THE SMATHERS BILL) 54 5. WITHOUT EXTENSIVE PRIOR JUDICIAL EXPERIENCE VAR 0019 NAME-FROM FAM JDCL SERV TRDTN MD=GE 9 CHOSEN FROM FAMILY WITH TRADITIONS OF JUDICIAL SERVICE 25 1. WAS SO CHOSEN 67 5. WAS NOT SO CHOSEN 9. NA VAR 0020 NAME-PARENTS OF HUMBLE SES MD=GE 9 PARENTS OF HUMBLE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL STATUS 11 1. HAD PARENTS OF HUMBLE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL STATUS 81 5. DID NOT HAVE PARENTS OF HUMBLE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL STATUS 9. NA VAR 0021 NAME-AGE AT APPOINTMENT NO MISSING DATA CODES AGE AT APPOINTMENT ACTUAL AGE AT TIME OF APPOINTMENT CODED. 2 32. THIRTY-TWO 1 36. THIRTY-SIX 1 38. THIRTY-EIGHT 1 40. FORTY 2 41. FORTY-ONE 1 42. FORTY-TWO 1 43. FORTY-THREE 3 44. FOPTY-FOUR 3 45. FORTY-FIVE 2 46. FORTY-SIX 3 47. FORTY-SEVEN 3 48. FORTY-EIGHT 5 49. FORTY-NINE 4 50. FIFTY 3 51. FIFTY-ONE 7 52. FIFTY-TWO 4 53. FIFTY-THREE 5 54. FIFTY-FOUR 5 55. FIFTY-FIVE 7 56. FIFTY-SIX 9 57. FIFTY-SEVEN 2 58. FIFTY-EIGHT 4 59. FIFTY-NINE 4 60. SIXTY 3 61. SIXTY-ONE 5 62. SIXTY-TWO 1 63. SIXTY-THREE 1 65. SIXTY-FIVE