Variable 1: RUMMEL CODE Missing data code: None Decimal place: none DEFINITION: A three digit numeric nation identification code developed by the original collector of the data. Variable 13: AGRICULTURAL POPULATION/POPULATION 1965 N=113 Mean=54.142 Standard DEVIATION=26.345 Range=4-95 DEFINITION: Agricultural population is defined as "all persons who depend upon agricultural for a livelihood, that is to say, persons actively engaged in agriculture and their non-working dependents." Variable 18: ENERGY CONSUMPTION/POPULATION 1965 N=111 Mean=1191.6 Standard Deviation=1767.6 Range=0-9203 DEFINITION: Energy includes solid fuels, liquid fuels, natural and imported gas, and hydro and imported electricity. Units are kilograms per person. Variable 23: ILLITERATES/POPULATION 10 YEARS OR OLDER 1965 N=113 Mean=46.310 Standard Deviation=35.531 Range-???? DEFINITION: Literacy is defined as "the ability to read and write" For some countries, however, literacy includes those who can read or write. The units are %. Variable 28: GNP/POPULATION 1965 N=113 Mean=568.18 Standard Deviation=693.85 Range=39-3520 DEFINITION: Gross national product is defined as the "total value of goods and services produced in a country in a year's time..." The units are U.S. dollars per person. Variable 38: NATIONAL INCOME 1965 N=105 Mean=154.66 Standard Deviation=604.04 Range=1-5684 DEFINITION: "National income is the sum of the incomes accruing within a year to the factors of production supplied by the normal residents of a country, before deduction of direct taxation, and equals the sum of compensation of employees, income from unincorporated enterprises, rent, interest and dividends accruing to households, saving of corporations, direct taxes on corporations and general government income" National incomes given in domestic currencies were converted to U.S. dollars using exchange rate data. Since many countries give data on several kinds of exchange rates, if available, only the free rate (a rate that rises or falls to some extent in response to private purchases and sales) was used. If such data were not available, the following rates, in decreasing order of desirability, were used: selling or import rates, buying or export rates, official rate. Variable 43: POPULATION 1965 N=113 Mean=2853.2 Standard deviation=9427.3 Range=46-70000 DEFINITION: Population figures--both census and estimates--are, insofar as possible, modified present-in-area counts. This means that they include data for jungle tribes, aborigines, nomadic peoples, displaced persons, and refugees, as well as national armed forces and diplomatic personnel stationed outside the territory, and that they exclude alien armed forces, alien diplomatic personnel, and enemy prisoners of war stationed inside the country. The units are ten thousand (10,000) persons. Variable 53: DEFENSE EXPENDITURE 1965 N=113 Mean=1280.4 Standard deviation=6523.3 Range=0-51884 DEFINITION: Since data are given in domestic currencies, exchange rate data were used to convert them to U.S. dollars. Since many countries give data on several kinds of rates, if available, only the free rate (a rate and sales) were used. If such data were not available, the following rates, in decreasing order of desirability, were used: selling or import rates, buying or export rates, official rate. The units are millions of U.S. Dollars. Variable 63: BLOC MEMBERSHIP 1965 N=113 DEFINITION: Rating: 0=Communist bloc membership; 1=neutral bloc; 2=Western bloc. Communist and Western bloc memberships are determined by military treaties or alliances with the Soviet Union or the United States. The neutral bloc, a residual category, consists of those nations with no military treaties or alliances with either of the aforementioned bloc leaders. Variable 73: FREEDOM OF OPPOSITION 1965 N=113 DEFINITION: 0=political opposition not permitted (groups not allowed to organize for political action, e.g., interest groups, political parties); 1=restricted political opposition allowed (groups to organize in politics, but oppositional role limited and they may not campaign for control of government); 2=political opposition mostly unrestricted (groups can organize for political action and may campaign for control of government). Variable 83: THREATS 1965 N=113 Mean=.212 Standard deviation=.725 Range=0-5 DEFINITION: A threat is any official diplomatic communication or governmental statement asserting that if a particular country does or does not do a particular thing it will incur negative sanctions. Variable 88: ACCUSATIONS 1965 N=113 Mean=3.9292 Standard Deviation=10.105 Range=0-71 DEFINITION: An accusation is any official diplomatic or governmental statement involving charges and allegations of a derogatory nature against another country. Variable 93: KILLED IN FOREIGN VIOLENCE 1965 N=113 Mean=389.16 Standard deviation=1725.7 Range=0-11243 DEFINITION: Number killed is the total number of deaths resulting directly from any violent interchange between countries. Variable 98: MILITARY ACTION OR NOT 1965 N=113 DEFINITION: Rating: 0=no military action; 1=military action. Military action is defined as any military clash involving gunfire between countries but short of war. War is defined as any military clash in which more than .02 percent of its population are militarily involved. Variable 103: PROTESTS 1965 N=113 Mean=1.2566 Standard deviation=4.1807 Range=0-31 DEFINITION: Any official diplomatic communication or governmental statement which complains about or objects to the policies of another country. Variable 108: KILLED IN DOMESTIC VIOLENCE 1965 N=113 Mean=2331.0 Standard deviation=23524 Range=0-250000 DEFINITION: Number killed is the number of deaths that are direct consequences of any domestic inter-group violence in the nature of strikes, riots, coups, banditry, etc. This excludes murders, executions, and suicides. Where only casualty figures are given, killed is assumed to be 20 percent of this number. Where more than one figure for a particular incident, or series of incidents were given, the median value was taken. Variable 113: GENERAL STRIKES 1965 N=113 Mean=.088496 Standard deviation=.31503 Range=0-2 DEFINITION: A general strike is one in which 1000 or more industrial or service workers and more than one employer are involved. It is aimed at national government policies or authority. (General strikes do not include those whose nature is to force government or private industry to grant wage of working concessions.) Variable 118: RIOTS 1965 N=113 Mean=.66372 Standard deviation=1.9667 Range-0-16 DEFINITION: A riot is any violent demonstration or clash or more than 100 citizens involving the use of physical force. Variable 123: PURGES 1965 N=113 Mean=.27434 Standard deviation=.55497 Range=0-3 DEFINITION: A purge is any systematic elimination by jailing or execution within the ranks of the regime or the opposition. (If elimination of opposition continues over a period of time without a relaxation of more than three months, then it is one purge. Variable 263: ETHNIC GROUPS 1965 N=105 Mean=4.4286 Standard deviation=4.2784 Range=1-24 DEFINITION: Number of ethnic or racial groups with membership exceeding one percent of the population. Data are taken as reported by nations according to what they consider their major ethnic or racial divisions. Variable 268: ECONOMIC AID RECEIVED 1965 N=93 Mean=806.27 Standard deviation=1640.4 Range=294-13110 DEFINITION: Data including amounts expended in grants or long term loans "in cash and in kind, including within the latter category the provision of services as well as of commodities...Long term loans are...those for which there is a schedule of repayments extending beyond a period of five years from the date the loan becomes effective. Grants and loans specifically linked to the defense of the recipient country such as transfer of military equipment, direct military expenditure and financial contributions for the support of military forces are excluded." The units are 100,000 US dollars. Variable 318: MILITARY PERSONNEL/POPULATION 1965 N=101 Mean=80.099 Standard deviation=123.19 Range=0-1050 DEFINITION: Military personnel data exclude civilians employed by the armed forces. The units are % x 10. Variable 328: POLITICAL PARTIES, 1965 N=113 Mean=2.8938 Standard deviation=2.4508 Range=0-10 DEFINITION: Number of political parties with a membership of more than one percent of the population. Variable 363: LEGITIMACY OF PRESENT GOVERNMENT 1965 N=113 DEFINITION: Rating: 0=complete or fairly complete censorship of news; 1=some censorship of the news; 2=no censorship, other than usual laws about libel and the controlling of news of a national security nature. Alpha Rummel Rss Nation County Numeric Numeric Code Code Code Afghanistan AFG 1 700 Albania ALB 2 339 Algeria ALG 106 615 Argentina ARG 3 160 Australia AUL 4 900 Austria AUS 5 305 Belgium BEL 6 211 Bolivia BOL 7 145 Brazil BRA 8 140 Bulgaria BUL 9 355 Burma BUR 10 775 Burundi BUI 113 516 Cambodia CAM 11 811 Cameroon CAO 83 471 Canada CAN 12 020 Cent. African Rep. CEN 84 482 Ceylon CEY 13 780 Chad CHA 85 483 Chile CHL 14 155 China (Mainland) CHN 15 710 China (Taiwan) CHT 16 713 Colombia COL 17 100 Congo (Brazzaville) CON 87 484 Zaire ZAI 86 490 Costa Rica COS 18 094 Cuba CUB 19 040 Czechoslovakia CZE 20 315 Dahomey DAH 88 434 Denmark DEN 21 390 Dominican Republic DOM 22 042 Ecuador ECU 23 130 Egypt (UAR) UAR 24 651 El Salvador ELS 25 092 Ethiopia ETH 26 530 Finland FIN 27 375 France FAN 29 220 Gabon GAB 89 481 Germany (D.D.R.) GME 29 265 Germany (Fed. Rep.) GMW 30 255 Ghana GHA 90 452 Greece GRC 31 350 Guatemala GUA 32 090 Guinea GUI 91 438 Haiti HAI 33 041 Honduras HON 34 091 Hungary HUN 35 310 India IND 36 750 Indonesia INS 37 850 Iran IRN 38 630 Iraq IRQ 39 645 Ireland IRE 40 205 Israel ISR 41 666 Italy ITA 42 325 Ivory Coast IVO 92 437 Jamaica JAM 163 051 Japan JAP 43 740 Jordan JOR 44 663 Korea (Dem. Rep.) KON 45 731 Korea (Rep. Of) KOS 46 732 Laos LAO 80 812 Lebanon LEB 47 660 Liberia LBR 48 450 Libya LBY 49 620 Madagascar MAG 93 580 Malaysia MAL 94 820 Mali MLI 95 432 Mauritania MAU 96 435 Mexico MEX 50 070 Morocco MOR 97 600 Nepal NEO 51 790 Netherlands NTH 52 210 New Zealand NEW 53 Nicaragua NIC 54 093 Niger NIR 98 436 Nigeria NIG 99 475 Norway NOR 55 385 Outer Mongolia MON 56 712 Pakistan PAK 57 770 Panama PAN 58 095 Paraguay PAR 59 150 Peru PER 60 135 Philippines PHI 61 840 Poland POL 62 290 Portugal POR 63 235 Rumania RUM 64 360 Rwanda RWA 114 517 Saudi Arabia SAU 65 670 Senegal SEN 100 433 Sierra Leone SIE 204 450 Somalia SOM 101 520 South Africa SAF 72 560 Spain SPN 66 230 Sudan SUD 102 625 Sweden SWD 67 380 Switzerland SWZ 68 225 Syria SYR 69 652 Tanzania TAZ 109 510 Thailand TAI 70 800 Togo TOG 103 461 Trinidad TRI 216 052 Tunisia TUN 104 616 Turkey TUR 71 640 USSR USR 73 365 United Kingdom UNK 74 200 USA USA 75 002 Uganda UGA 219 500 Upper Volta UPP 105 139 Uruguay URA 76 165 Venezuela VEN 77 101 Vietnam (N) VTN 81 816 Vietnam (S) VTS 82 817 Yemen YEM 78 678 Yugoslavia YUG 79 345