The Transitional Justice

Bibliography

(Version 2.0 – 5/9/08)

Compiled by Andrew G. Reiter

The bibliography contains 2,281 entries of scholarly work related to the subject of transitional justice. Thanks to all of those who contributed additions to the recently released second version.  

A thematic version, organized by topic, can be downloaded here.

An alphabetical version, with each entry listed alphabetical by author's last name can be downloaded here.

For comments, questions, suggestions, and most importantly additions, please contact Andrew Reiter at: areiter@wisc.edu

A web version of the thematic version can also be found below:

Major Theoretical Research on Transitional Justice                                           

Prosecutions and Trials                                                                                   

Truth, Truth-Telling, and Truth Commissions                                        

Amnesties and Pardons                                                                        

Lustration, Vetting, and Banning                                                                       

Reparations                                                                                                                 

Memorials and Monuments                                                                              

Local or Indigenous Forms of Justice                                                               

The Intersection of Religion and Transitional Justice                              

Gender Issues and Transitional Justice                                                  

Political Memory and the Construction of History                                             

The Concept of Reconciliation                                                             

Universal Jurisdiction and the Pinochet Case                                                     

The International Criminal Court                                                                       

General Works on International Law Pertinent to Transitional Justice    

Physical and Psychological Trauma and the Healing Process                 

           

Country-Specific Works (Listed Alphabetical By Country within Region)

           

North, Central, and South American and the Caribbean                                 

            Africa and the Middle East                                                                               

            Europe and the Former Soviet Union                                                               

            Asia and the Pacific

 

Major Theoretical Research on Transitional Justice

 

_Ackerman, Bruce. 1994. The Future of Liberal Revolution. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

_Acuña, Carlos H., and Catalina Smulovitz. 1997. Guarding the Guardians in Argentina: Some Lessons about the Risks and Benefits of Empowering the Courts. In Transitional Justice and the Rule of Law in New Democracies, edited by A. J. McAdams. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.

_Akhaven, Payam. 1998. Justice in The Hague, Peace in the Former Yugoslavia? A Commentary on the United Nations War Crimes Tribunal. Human Rights Quarterly 20 (4):737-816.

_Akhaven, Payam. 2001. Beyond Impunity: Can International Criminal Justice Prevent Atrocities? American Journal of International Law 95 (1):7-31.

_Albon, Mary. 1994. The Project on Justice in Times of Transition. New York, NY: The Foundation for a Civil Society.

_Alexander, Larry. 1983. Retributivism and the Inadvertent Punishment of the Innocent. Law and Philosophy 2 (2):233-246.

_Aspen Institute. 1989. State Crimes: Punishment or Pardon. New York, NY: Aspen Institute.

_Aukerman, Miriam J. 2002. Extraordinary Evil, Ordinary Crime: A Framework for Understanding Transitional Justice. Harvard Human Rights Journal 15:39-98.

_Azpuru, Dinorah, Ligia Blanco, Ricardo Córdova Macías, Nayelly Loya Marín, Carlos G. Ramos, and Adrián Zapata. 2007. Construyendo La Democracia En Sociedades Posconflicto: Guatemala Y El Salvador, Un Enfoque Comparado. Guatemala City, Guatemala: Centro Internacional de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo, F&G Editores.

_Backer, David. 2003. Civil Society and Transitional Justice: Possibilities, Patterns and Prospects. Journal of Human Rights 2 (3):297-313.

_Balint, Jennifer L. 1996. Conflict, Conflict Victimization, and Legal Redress, 1945-1996. Law and Contemporary Problems 59 (4):231-247.

_Bang-Jensen, Nina, Tom Gjelten, Roy Gutman, Ivana Nizich, and Thomas Warrick. 1998. Tribunal Justice: The Challenges, the Record and the Prospects. American University International Law Review 13 (6):1541-1577.

_Barahona de Brito, Alexandra, Carmen González-Enríquez, and Paloma Aguilar, eds. 2001. The Politics of Memory: Transitional Justice in Democratizing Societies. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

_Barahona de Brito, Alexandra, Paloma Aguilar, and Carmen González-Enríquez. 2001. Introduction. In The Politics of Memory: Transitional Justice in Democratizing Societies, edited by A. Barahona de Brito, C. González-Enríquez and P. Aguilar. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

_Barsalou, Judy. 2005. Trauma and Transitional Justice in Divided Societies. In Special Report 135. Washington DC: United States Institute of Peace.

_Bass, Gary J. 2000. Stay the Hand of Vengeance: The Politics of War Crimes Tribunals. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

_Bassiouni, M. Cherif. 1996. International Crimes: Jus Cogens and Obligatio Erga Omnes. Law and Contemporary Problems 59 (4):63-74.

_Bassiouni, M. Cherif. 1996. Searching for Peace and Achieving Justice: The Need for Accountability. Law and Contemporary Problems 59 (4):9-28.

_Bassiouni, M. Cherif. 1998. Normative Framework of International Humanitarian Law: Overlaps, Gaps, and Ambiguities. Transnational Law and Contemporary Problems 8 (2):199-276.

_Bassiouni, M. Cherif, ed. 2002. Post-Conflict Justice. Ardsley, NY: Transnational Publishers.

_Bell, Christine, and Johanna Keenan. 2004. Human Rights, Nongovernmental Organizations and the Problems of Transition. Human Rights Quarterly 26 (2):330-374.

_Benomar, Jamal. 1993. Justice after Transitions. Journal of Democracy 4 (1):3-14.

_Best, Geoffrey. 1984. Nuremburg and After: The Continuing History of War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity. Reading, PA: University of Reading Press.

_Bhargava, Rajeev. 2000. Restoring Decency to Barbaric Societies. In Truth v. Justice: The Morality of Truth Commissions, edited by R. I. Rotberg and D. Thompson. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

_Biggar, Nigel, ed. 2001. Burying the Past: Making Peace and Doing Justice After Civil Conflict. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.

_Binningsbø, Helga Malmin, Jon Elster, and Scott Gates. 2005. Civil War and Transitional Justice, 1946-2003: A Dataset. In Transitional Justice and Civil War Settlements Workshop. Bogotá, Colombia.

_Blakesley, Christopher L. 1997. Atrocity and Its Prosecution: The Ad Hoc Tribunals for Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. In The Law of War Crimes: National and International Approaches, edited by T. L. H. McCormack and G. J. Simpson. The Hague, Netherlands: Kluwer Law International.

_Blaser, Arthur. 1992. How To Advance Justice without Really Trying: An Analysis of Non-governmental Tribunals. Human Rights Quarterly 14 (3):339-370.

_Boed, Roman. 1998. An Evaluation of the Legality and Efficacy of Lustration as a Tool of Transitional Justice. Columbia Journal of Transnational Law 37 (2):357-402.

_Boed, Roman. 2002. An Evaluation of the Legality and Efficacy of Lustration as a Tool of Transitional Justice. In Post-Conflict Justice, edited by M. C. Bassiouni. Ardsley, NY: Transnational Publishers.

_Bothe, Michael. 1996. War Crimes in Non-international Armed Conflicts. In War Crimes in International Law, edited by Y. Dinstein and M. Tabory. Boston, MA: Martinus Nijhoff.

_Brahm, Eric. 2005. Truth and Rights: Truth Commissions and Human Rights Practice in a Cross-National Context. In Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association. Washington, D.C.

_Brahm, Eric. 2007. Uncovering the Truth: Examining Truth Commission Success and Impact. International Studies Perspectives 8 (1):16-35.

_Braithwaite, John. 2001. Restorative Justice and Responsive Regulation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

_Brudholm, Thomas. 2008. Resentment's Virtue: Jean Am?ry and the Refusal to Forgive. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

_Call, Charles T. 2004. Is Transitional Justice Really Just? Brown Journal of World Affairs 11 (1):101-113.

_Cassel, Douglass W. Jr. 1993. International Truth Commissions and Justice. Aspen Institute Quarterly 5 (3):77-90.

_Cassel, Douglass W. Jr. 2001. Does International Human Rights Law Make a Difference? Chicago Journal of International Law 2:121-135.

_Cobban, Helena. 2006. Think Again: International Courts. Foreign Policy 153:22-28.

_Cobban, Helena. 2007. Amnesty After Atrocity? Healing Nations after Genocide and War Crimes. Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers.

_Cockayne, James. 2005. Hybrids or Mongrels? Internationalized War Crimes Trials as Unsuccessful Degradation Ceremonies. Journal of Human Rights 4 (4):455-473.

_Cohen, David. 2007. 'Hybrid' Justice in East Timor, Sierra Leone, and Cambodia: 'Lessons Learned' and Prospects for the Future. Stanford Journal of International Law 43 (1):1-38.

_Cohen, Stanley. 1995. State Crimes of Previous Regimes: Knowledge, Accountability, and the Policing of the Past. Law and Social Inquiry 20 (1):7-50.

_Correa Sutil, Jorge. 1997. 'No Victorious Army Has Ever Been Prosecuted.' The Unsettled Story of Transitional Justice in Chile. In Transitional Justice and the Rule of Law in New Democracies, edited by A. J. McAdams. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.

_Crane, David. 2006. White Man's Justice: Applying International Justice after Regional Third World Conflicts. Cardozo Law Review 27 (4):1683-1688.

_Crocker, David A. 1998. Transitional Justice and International Civil Society: Toward a Normative Framework. Constellations: An International Journal of Critical & Democratic Theory 5 (4).

_Crocker, David A. 1999. Civil Society and Transitional Justice. In Civil Society, Democracy, and Civic Renewal, edited by R. Fullinwider. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

_Crocker, David A. 1999. Reckoning with Past Wrongs: A Normative Framework. Ethics and International Affairs 13:43-64.

_Crocker, David A. 2000. Truth Commissions, Transitional Justice, and Civil Society. In Truth v. Justice: The Morality of Truth Commissions, edited by R. I. Rotberg and D. Thompson. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

_David, Roman. 2006. From Prague to Baghdad: Lustration Systems and their Political Effects. Government and Opposition 41 (3):347-372.

_De Greiff, Pablo, and Ciaran P. Cronin, eds. 2002. Global Justice and Transnational Politics: Essays on the Moral and Political Challenges of Globalization. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

_Dermody, John. 2006. Beyond Good Intentions: Can Hybrid Tribunals Work after Unilateral Intervention? Hastings International and Comparative Law Review 30 (1):77-102.

_Dickinson, Laura A. 2003. The Promise of Hybrid Courts. American Journal of International Law 97 (2):295-309.

_Dolinko, David. 1991. Some Thoughts on Retributivism. Ethics 101 (3):537-559.

_Domb, Fania. 1996. Treatment of War Crimes in Peace Settlements - Prosecution or Amnesty? In War Crimes in International Law, edited by Y. Dinstein and M. Tabory. The Hague, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff.

_Doxtader, Erik, and Charles Villa-Vicencio, eds. 2003. Through Fire with Water: The Roots of Division and the Potential for Reconciliation in Africa. Cape Town, South Africa: David Philip.

_Drumbl, Mark A. 2007. Atrocity, Punishment and International Law. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

_Du Bois, Francois, and Adam Czarnota. 1999. The Transitional Rule of Law: An Analysis of the Nexus Between Law, Politics and Quasi-Legal Institutions. Alternative Law Journal 24 (1):9-11.

_Dunne, Tim, and Daniela Kroslak. 2000. Genocide: Knowing What It Is That We Want to Remember, or Forget, or Forgive. International Journal of Human Rights 4 (3/4):27-46.

_Dworkin, Anthony. 1996. The World in Judgment: Do International War Crimes Tribunals Help or Hinder National Reconciliation? Index on Censorship 25 (5):137-144.

_Edelenbos, Carla. 1994. Human Rights Violations: A Duty to Prosecute? Leiden Journal of International Law 7 (2):5-22.

_Elster, Jon. 1992. On Doing What One Can: An Argument Against Post-Communist Restitution and Retribution. East European Constitutional Review 1 (2):15-17.

_Elster, Jon. 2003. Emotions and Transitional Justice. Soundings: An Interdisciplinary Journal 86 (1-2):17-40.

_Elster, Jon. 2004. Closing the Books: Transitional Justice in Historical Perspective. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.

_Elster, Jon, ed. 2006. Retribution and Reparation in the Transition to Democracy. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.

_Falk, Richard A. 2000. Criminal Accountability in Transitional Justice. Peace Review 12 (1):81-86.

_Farer, Tom. 2000. Restraining the Barbarians: Can International Criminal Law Help? Human Rights Quarterly 22 (1):90-117.

_Findlay, Mark, and Ralph Henham. 2005. Transforming International Criminal Justice: Retributive and Restorative Justice in the Trial Process. Cullompton, UK: Willan Publishing.

_Fletcher, Laurel E., and Harvey M. Weinstein. 2002. Violence and Social Repair: Rethinking the Contribution of Justice to Reconciliation. Human Rights Quarterly 24 (3):573-639.

_Francisco, Ronald A. 2000. The Politics of Regime Transitions. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

_Fröhlich, Anita. 2007. Reconciling Peace with Justice: A Cooperative Division of Labor. Suffolk Transnational Law Review 30 (2):271-316.

_Futamura, Madok. 2007. War Crimes Tribunals and Transitional Justice: The Tokyo Trial and the Nuremburg Legacy. New York, NY: Routledge.

_Garret, Stephen. 2000. Models of Transitional Justice - A Comparative Analysis. In 41st Annual Convention of the International Studies Association. Los Angeles, CA.

_Garton Ash, Timothy. 1998. The Truth About Dictatorship. New York Review of Books, 35-40.

_Gibson, James L. 2002. Truth, Justice and Reconciliation: Judging the Fairness of Amnesty in South Africa. American Journal of Political Science 46 (4):540-556.

_Goldstone, Richard J. 1995. Exposing Human Rights Abuses - A Help or Hindrance to Reconciliation? Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly 22 (3):607-622.

_Goldstone, Richard J. 1996. Justice As a Tool for Peace-Making: Truth Commissions and International Criminal Tribunals. New York University Journal of International Law and Politics 28 (3):485-503.

_Goldstone, Richard J. 1997. Assessing the Work of the United Nations War Crimes Tribunal. Stanford Journal of International Law 33 (1):1-8.

_Goldstone, Richard J. 1998. Bringing War Criminals to Justice During an Ongoing War. In Hard Choices: Moral Dilemmas in Humanitarian Intervention, edited by J. J. J. Moore. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.

_González-Enríquez, Carmen, Paloma Aguilar, and Alexandra Barahona de Brito. 2001. Conclusions. In The Politics of Memory: Transitional Justice in Democratizing Societies, edited by A. Barahona de Brito, C. González-Enríquez and P. Aguilar. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

_Gray, David. 2006. An Excuse-Centered Approach to Transitional Justice. Fordham Law Review 74 (5):2621-2693.

_Graybill, Lyn S. 2004. Pardon, Punishment, and Amnesia: Three African Post-Conflict Methods. Third World Quarterly 25 (6):1117-1130.

_Graybill, Lyn S., and Kimberly Lanegran. 2004. Truth, Justice and Reconciliation in Africa: Issues and Cases. African Studies Quarterly 8 (1):1-18.

_Grodsky, Brian. 2006. Exploring Determinants of Transitional Justice: Human Rights Accountability in Post-Communist States. PhD Dissertation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.

_Hadden, Tom. 2004. Punishment, Amnesty and Truth: Legal and Political Approaches. In Democracy and Ethnic Conflict: Advancing Peace in Deeply Divided Societies, edited by A. Guelke. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.

_Hampton, Jean. 1988. The Retributive Idea. In Forgiveness and Mercy, edited by J. G. Murphy and J. Hampston. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

_Hayner, Priscilla B. 1994. Fifteen Truth Commissions - 1974-1994: A Comparative Study. Human Rights Quarterly 16 (4):597-655.

_Hayner, Priscilla B. 1996. Commissioning the Truth: Further Research Questions. Third World Quarterly 17 (1):19-29.

_Hayner, Priscilla B. 2002. Unspeakable Truths: Facing the Challenge of Truth Commissions. New York, NY: Routledge.

_Henkin, Alice H. 1989. Conference Report. In State Crimes: Punishment or Pardon, edited by The Justice and Society Program of the Aspen Institute. Queenstown, MD: The Aspen Institute.

_Henkin, Alice H., ed. 2002. The Legacy of Abuse: Confronting the Past, Facing the Future. New York, NY: Aspen Institute, New York University School of Law.

_Henkin, Louis, and John L. Hargrove, eds. 1995. Human Rights: An Agenda for the Next Century. Washington, D.C.: American Society of International Law.

_Herz, John H. 1982. Conclusion. In From Dictatorship to Democracy: Coping with the Legacies of Authoritarianism and Totalitarianism, edited by J. H. Herz. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

_Herz, John H., ed. 1982. From Dictatorship to Democracy: Coping with the Legacies of Authoritarianism and Totalitarianism. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

_Herz, John H. 1989. An Historical Perspective. In State Crimes: Punishment or Pardon: Papers and Report of the Conference, edited by The Justice and Society Program of the Aspen Institute. Wye Center, MD: The Justice and Society Program of The Aspen Institute.

_Hesse, Carla, and Robert Post, eds. 1999. Human Rights in Political Transitions: Gettysburg to Bosnia. New York, NY: Zone Books.

_Hesse, Carla, and Robert Post. 1999. Introduction. In Human Rights in Political Transitions: Gettysburg to Bosnia, edited by C. Hesse and R. Post. New York, NY: Zone Books.

_Holmes, Stephen. 2002. Why International Justice Limps. Social Research 69 (4):1055-1075.

_Human Rights Watch. 1989. Policy Statement on Accountability for Past Abuses. Special Issue: Accountability for Past Human Rights Abuses 4:1-2.

_Huntington, Samuel P. 1991. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth-Century. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.

_Huyse, Luc. 1994. A Devil's Choice: Dilemmas of Backward-Looking Justice. European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice 2:120-140.

_Huyse, Luc. 1995. Justice after Transition: On the Choices Successor Elites Make in Dealing with the Past. Law and Social Inquiry 20 (1):51-78.

_Huyse, Luc. 1998. Young Democracies and the Choice between Amnesty, Truth Commissions and Prosecutions. In Policy Study on Development Cooperations. Brussells, Belgium: Administration for Development Cooperation.

_Jacovides, Andrew A. 2001. International Tribunals: Do They Really Work for Small States? New York University Journal of International Law and Politics 34 (1):253-262.

_Joinet, Louis. 1995. The Administration of Justice and the Human Rights of Detainees: Question of the Impunity of Perpetrators of Violations of Human Rights, edited by U. N. E. a. S. C. C. o. H. R. S. o. P. o. D. a. P. o. Minorities: United Nations.

_Kaminski, Marek M., Monica Nalepa, and Barry O'Neill. 2006. Normative and Strategic Aspects of Transitional Justice. Journal of Conflict Resolution 50 (3):295-302.

_Kenney, Charles D., and Dean E. Spears. 2005. Truth and Consequences: Do Truth Commissions Promote Democratization? In Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association. Washington, D.C.

_Kim, Hunjoon. 2005. Expansion of Truth Commissions: Comparative Analysis of 90 Countries between 1974 and 2004. In American Political Science Association Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.

_Kirchheimer, Otto. 1961. Political Justice: The Use of Legal Procedure for Political Ends. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

_Klug, Heinz. 1998. Amnesty, Amnesia and Remembrance: International Obligations and the Need to Prevent the Repetition of Gross Violations of Human Rights. ASIL Proceedings 92:316.

_Knox, Colin, and Padraic Quirk, eds. 2001. Peace Building in Northern Ireland, Israel, and South Africa: Transition, Transformation and Reconciliation. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press Ltd.

_Kritz, Neil J., ed. 1995. Transitional Justice: How Emerging Democracies Reckon with Former Regimes: Country Studies. Vol. 2. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press.

_Kritz, Neil J., ed. 1995. Transitional Justice: How Emerging Democracies Reckon with Former Regimes: General Considerations. Vol. 1. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press.

_Kritz, Neil J., ed. 1995. Transitional Justice: How Emerging Democracies Reckon with Former Regimes: Laws, Rulings, and Reports. Vol. 3. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press.

_Kritz, Neil J. 1996. Coming to Terms with Atrocities: A Review of Accountability Mechanisms for Mass Violations of Human Rights. Law and Contemporary Problems 59 (4):127-152.

_Kritz, Neil J. 2002. Progress and Humility: The Ongoing Search for Post-Conflict Justice. In Post-Conflict Justice, edited by M. C. Bassiouni. Ardsley, NY: Transnational Publishers.

_Kritz, Neil J. 2002. Where We Are and How We Got Here: An Overview of Developments in the Search for Justice and Reconciliation. In The Legacy of Abuse: Confronting the Past, Facing the Future, edited by A. H. Henkin. New York, NY: Aspen Institute, New York University School of Law.

_Kulkarni, Anupma Logani. 2005. Demons and Demos: Violence, Memory and Citizenship in Post-conflict States. PhD Dissertation, Political Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.

_Kumar, Krishna, ed. 1997. Rebuilding Societies After Civil War: Critical Roles for International Assistance. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

_Landsman, Stephan. 1996. Alternative Responses to Serious Human Rights Abuses: Of Prosecution and Truth Commissions. Law and Contemporary Problems 59 (4):81-92.

_Lanegran, Kimberly. 2005. Truth Commissions, Human Rights Trials and the Politics of Memory. Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 25 (1):111-121.

_Leebaw, Bronwyn Anne. 2000. Working off the Past: Theorizing Transitional Justice in Post War and Post Cold War Debates. In Memory and Justice. Washington, D.C.

_Lerche, Charles O., III. 2000. Truth Commissions and National Reconciliation: Some Reflections on Theory and Practice. Peace and Conflict Studies 7 (1):1-20.

_Levinson, Sanford. 2000. Trials, Commissions, and Investigating Committees: The Elusive Search for Norms of Due Process. In Truth v. Justice: The Morality of Truth Commissions, edited by R. I. Rotberg and D. Thompson. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

_Lie, Tove Grete, Helga Malmin Binningsbø, and Scott Gates. 2006. Post-Conflict Justice and Sustainable Peace. In Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association. Philadelphia, PA.

_Linz, Juan J. 1978. The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes: Crisis, Breakdown, and Reequilibration. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

_Loveman, Brian. 1994. 'Protected Democracies' and Military Guardianship: Political Transitions in Latin America, 1978-1993. Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 36 (2).

_Lutz, Ellen L. 2006. Transitional Justice: Lessons Learned and the Road Ahead. In Transitional Justice in the Twenty-First Century: Beyond Truth versus Justice, edited by N. Roht-Arriaza and J. Mariezcurrena. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

_Lutz, Ellen L., and Kathryn Sikkink. 2001. The Justice Cascade: The Evolution and Impact of Foreign Human Rights Trials in Latin America. Chicago Journal of International Law 2 (1):1-34.

_MacIntyre, Alasdair C. 1988. Whose Justice? Which Rationality? London, UK: Gerald Duckworth & Co.

_Malamud-Goti, Jaime. 1989. Trying Violators of Human Rights: The Dilemma of Transitional Democratic Governments. In State Crimes: Punishment or Pardon: Papers and Report of the Conference, edited by The Justice and Society Program of the Aspen Institute. Wye Center, MD: The Justice and Society Program of The Aspen Institute.

_Malamud-Goti, Jaime. 1990. Transitional Governments in the Breach: Why Punish State Criminals? Human Rights Quarterly 12 (1):1-16.

_Malamud-Goti, Jaime. 1991. Punishment and a Rights-Based Democracy. Criminal Justice Ethics 10 (2):3-13.

_Malamud-Goti, Jaime. 1994. Human Rights Abuses in Fledgling Democracies: The Role of Discretion. In Transition to Democracy in Latin America: The Role of the Judiciary, edited by I. Stotzky. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

_Malamud-Goti, Jaime. 1996. Game Without End: State Terror and the Politics of Justice. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.

_Malamud-Goti, Jaime. 1998. Dignity, Vengeance, and Fostering Democracy. University of Miami InterAmerican Law Review 29 (3):417-450.

_Mallinder, Louise. 2007. Can Amnesties and International Justice be Reconciled? International Journal of Transitional Justice 2 (1):208-230.

_Mallinder, Louise. 2008. Amnesty, Human Rights and Political Transitions: Bridging the Peace and Justice Divide. Oxford, UK: Hart Publishing.

_Mani, Rama. 2002. Beyond Retribution: Seeking Justice in the Shadows of War. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.

_Matheson, Michael J. 2006. Council Unbound: The Growth of UN Decision Making on Conflict and Postconflict Issues after the Cold War. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press.

_Matwijkiw, Anja. 2002. A Philosophical Perspective on Rights, Accountability and Post-Conflict Justice: Setting up the Premises. In Post-Conflict Justice, edited by M. C. Bassiouni. Ardsley, NY: Transnational Publishers.

_McAdams, A. James, ed. 1997. Transitional Justice and the Rule of Law in New Democracies. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.

_McEvoy, Kieran. 2008. Beyond Legalism: Towards a Thicker Understanding of Transitional Justice. Journal of Law and Society 34 (4):411-440.

_McGrath, Raymond. 2002. Problems of Investigations into War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity During and After Ethnic Conflicts. In Post-Conflict Justice, edited by M. C. Bassiouni. Ardsley, NY: Transnational Publishers.

_Megret, Frederic. 2005. In Defense of Hybridity: Towards a Representational Theory of International Criminal Justice. Cornell International Law Journal 38 (3):725-752.

_Meintjes, Garth, and Juan E. Méndez. 2000. Reconciling Amnesties with Universal Jurisdiction. International Law FORUM du Droit International 2 (2):76-97.

_Méndez, Juan E. 1997. Accountability for Past Abuses. Human Rights Quarterly 19 (2):255-282.

_Méndez, Juan E. 1997. In Defense of Transitional Justice. In Transitional Justice and the Rule of Law in New Democracies, edited by A. J. McAdams. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.

_Méndez, Juan E. 1998. National Reconciliation, Transnational Justice, and the ICC. Ethics and International Affairs 15 (1):25-44.

_Mertus, Julie, and Jeffrey W. Helsing, eds. 2006. Human Rights and Conflict: Exploring the Links between Rights, Law, and Peacebuilding. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace.

_Michnik, Adam, and Václav Havel. 1993. Confronting the Past: Justice or Revenge? Journal of Democracy 4 (1):20-27.

_Minow, Martha. 1998. Between Vengeance and Forgiveness: Facing History after Genocide and Mass Violence. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.

_Minow, Martha. 2002. Breaking the Cycles of Hatred: Memory, Law, and Repair. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

_Morgan, John P. 1994. The Communist Torturers of Eastern Europe: Prosecute and Punish or Forgive and Forget? Communist and Post-Communist Studies 27 (1):95-109.

_Morris, Madeline H. 1996. International Guidelines against Impunity: Facilitating Accountability. Law and Contemporary Problems 59 (4):29-40.

_Morris, Madeline H. 2002. Lacking a Leviathan: The Quandaries of Peace and Accountability. In Post-Conflict Justice, edited by M. C. Bassiouni. Ardsley, NY: Transnational Publishers.

_Nalepa, Monika. 2003. Punish All Guilty or Protect the Innocent? Designing Institutions of Transitional Justice. Journal of Theoretical Politics 20 (2):221-246.

_Neier, Aryeh. 1990. What Should be Done About the Guilty? New York Review of Books, 32-35.

_Neier, Aryeh. 1998. War Crimes: Brutality, Genocide, Terror, and the Struggle for Justice. New York, NY: Times Books.

_Neier, Aryeh. 1999. Rethinking Truth, Justice, and Guilt after Bosnia and Rwanda. In Human Rights in Political Transitions: Gettysburg to Bosnia, edited by C. Hesse and R. Post. New York, NY: Zone Books.

_Nelson, D. N. 1996. After Authoritarianism: Democracy or Disorder? Westport, CT: Praeger.

_Newman, Edward. 2002. 'Transitional Justice': The Impact of Transnational Norms and the UN. International Peacekeeping 9 (2):31-51.

_Newman, Edward, and Albrecht Schnabel. 2002. Recovering From Civil Conflict: Reconciliation, Peace and Development. London, UK: Frank Cass.

_Nino, Carlos S. 1983. A Consensual Theory of Punishment. Philosophy and Public Affairs 12 (44):289-306.

_Nino, Carlos S. 1991. The Duty to Punish Past Abuses of Human Rights Put into Context: The Case of Argentina. Yale Law Journal 100 (8):2619-2640.

_Nino, Carlos S. 1996. Radical Evil on Trial. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

_Ntsebeza, Dumisa B. 2000. The Use of Truth Commissions: Lessons for the World. In Truth v. Justice: The Morality of Truth Commissions, edited by R. I. Rotberg and D. Thompson. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

_O'Donnell, Guillermo, and Philippe C. Schmitter. 1986. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

_Ocampo, Luis Moreno. 1999. Beyond Punishment: Justice in the Wake of Massive Crimes in Argentina. Journal of International Affairs 52 (2):669-689.

_Office of the Coordinator for Reconstruction and Stabilization. 2005. Post-Conflict Reconstruction: Essential Tasks: United States Department of State.

_Orentlicher, Diane F. 1991. A Reply to Professor Nino. Yale Law Journal 100 (8):2641-2643.

_Orentlicher, Diane F. 1991. Settling Accounts: The Duty to Prosecute Human Rights Violations of a Prior Regime. Yale Law Journal 100 (8):2537-2615.

_Orentlicher, Diane F. 1994. Addressing Gross Human Rights Abuses: Punishment and Victim Compensation. In Human Rights: An Agenda for the Next Century, edited by L. Henkin and J. Hargrove. Washington, D.C.: The American Society of International Law.

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_Orentlicher, Diane F. 2007. 'Settling Accounts' Revisited: Reconciling Global Norms with Local Agency. International Journal of Transitional Justice 1 (1):10-22.

_Osiel, Mark J. 1999. Obeying Orders: Atrocity, Military Discipline and the Law of War. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.

_Osiel, Mark J. 2000. Why Prosecute? Critics of Punishment for Mass Atrocity. Human Rights Quarterly 22 (1):118-147.

_Pankhurst, Donna. 1999. Issues of Justice and Reconciliation in Complex Political Emergencies: Reconceptualizing Justice, Reconciliation and Peace. Third World Quarterly 20 (1):239-255.

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_Parlevliet, Michelle. 1998. Considering Truth: Dealing with a Legacy of Gross Human Rights Violations. Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 16 (2):141-174.

_Paskins, Barrie, and James Gow. 2000. The Creation of the International Tribunals from the Perspectives of Pragmatism, Realism, and Liberalism. International Relations 15 (3):11-15.

_Peskin, Victor. 2005. Beyond Victor's Justice? The Challenge of Prosecuting the Winners at the International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. Journal of Human Rights 4 (2):213-231.

_Pham, Phuong, and Patrick Vinck. 2007. Empirical Research and the Development and Assessment of Transitional Justice Mechanisms. International Journal of Transitional Justice 1 (2):231-248.

_Philpott, Daniel. 2006. Politics of Past Evil: Religion, Reconciliation, and the Dilemmas of Transitional Justice. West Bend, IN: Notre Dame University Press.

_Pion-Berlin, David. 1993. To Prosecute or to Pardon? Human Rights Decisions in the Latin American Southern Cone. Human Rights Quarterly 15 (1):105-130.

_Pion-Berlin, David. 2004. The Pinochet Case and Human Rights Progress in Chile: Was Europe a Catalyst, Cause or Inconsequential? Journal of Latin American Studies 36 (3):479-505.

_Posner, Eric A., and Adrian Vermeule. 2004. Transitional Justice as Ordinary Justice. Harvard Law Review 117 (3):761-825.

_Pouligny, Béatrice. 2002. Building Peace in Situations of Post-Mass Crime. International Peacekeeping 9 (2):201-220.

_Rabkin, Jeremy. 2005. Global Criminal Justice: An Idea Whose Time Has Passed. Cornell International Law Journal 38 (3):753-778.

_Rana, G. 1997. And Justice for All: Normative Descriptive Frameworks for the Implementation of Tribunals to Try Human Rights Violators. Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 30 (2):349-378.

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_Reychler, Luc. 1999. Democratic Peace-Building and Conflict Prevention: The Devil is in the Transition. Leuven, Belgium: Leuven University Press.

_Rigby, Andrew. 2001. Justice and Reconciliation: After the Violence. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers Inc.

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_Roht-Arriaza, Naomi. 1995. Introduction. In Impunity and Human Rights in International Law and Practice, edited by N. Roht-Arriaza. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

_Roht-Arriaza, Naomi. 1995. Nontreaty Sources of the Obligation to Investigate and Prosecute. In Impunity and Human Rights in International Law and Practice, edited by N. Roht-Arriaza. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

_Roht-Arriaza, Naomi. 1995. Punishment, Redress, and Pardon: Theoretical and Psychological Approaches. In Impunity and Human Rights in International Law and Practice, edited by N. Roht-Arriaza. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

_Roht-Arriaza, Naomi. 1995. Sources in International Treaties of an Obligation to Investigate, Prosecute, and Provide Redress. In Impunity and Human Rights in International Law and Practice, edited by N. Roht-Arriaza. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

_Roht-Arriaza, Naomi. 1995. Special Problems of a Duty to Prosecute: Derogation, Amnesties, Statutes of Limitation, and Superior Orders. In Impunity and Human Rights in International Law and Practice, edited by N. Roht-Arriaza. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

_Roht-Arriaza, Naomi. 1996. Combating Impunity: Some Thoughts on the Way Forward. Law and Contemporary Problems 59 (4):93-102.

_Roht-Arriaza, Naomi. 1999. Institutions of International Justice. Journal of International Affairs 52 (2):473-491.

_Roht-Arriaza, Naomi. 1999. The Need for Moral Reconstruction in the Wake of Past Human Rights Violations: An Interview with José Zalaquett. In Human Rights in Political Transitions: Gettysburg to Bosnia, edited by C. Hesse and R. Post. New York, NY: Zone Books.

_Roht-Arriaza, Naomi. 1999. Truth Commissions and Amnesties in Latin America: The Second Generation. Contemporary International Law Issues 92:313.

_Roht-Arriaza, Naomi. 2001. The Role of International Actors in National Accountability Processes. In The Politics of Memory: Transitional Justice in Democratizing Societies, edited by A. Barahona de Brito, C. González-Enríquez and P. Aguilar. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

_Roht-Arriaza, Naomi. 2002. Civil Society in Processes of Accountability. In Post-Conflict Justice, edited by M. C. Bassiouni. Ardsley, NY: Transnational Publishers.

_Roht-Arriaza, Naomi. 2006. The New Landscape of Transitional Justice. In Transitional Justice in the Twenty-First Century: Beyond Truth versus Justice, edited by N. Roht-Arriaza and J. Mariezcurrena. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

_Roht-Arriaza, Naomi, and Javier Mariezcurrena, eds. 2006. Transitional Justice in the Twenty-First Century: Beyond Truth versus Justice. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.

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_Rosenberg, Tina. 1995. Overcoming the Legacies of Dictatorship. Foreign Affairs 74 (3):134-152.

_Rotberg, Robert I., and Dennis Thompson, eds. 2000. Truth v. Justice: The Morality of Truth Commissions. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

_Roth, Brad R. 2001. Peaceful Transitions and Retrospective Justice: Some Reservations (A Response to Juan E. Méndez). Ethics and International Affairs 15 (1).

_Rudolph, Christopher. 2001. Constructing an Atrocities Regime: The Politics of War Crimes Tribunals. International Organization 55 (3):655-691.

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_Scharf, Michael P. 1999. Responding to Rwanda: Accountability Mechanisms in the Aftermath of Genocide. Journal of International Affairs 52 (2):621-638.

_Scharf, Michael P., and Paul R. Williams. 2003. The Functions of Justice and Anti-Justice in the Peace-Building Process. Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law 35 (2):161-190.

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_Secretary-General, United Nations. 2004. The Rule of Law and Transitional Justice in Conflict and Post-Conflict Societies, edited by S. Council: United Nations.

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_Sewell, James P. 2002. Justice and Truth in Transition. Global Governance 8 (1):199-234.

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Prosecutions and Trials

 

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_Akhaven, Payam. 1997. Justice and Reconciliation in the Great Lakes Region of Africa: The Contribution of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. Duke Journal of Comparative and International Law 7 (2):325-348.

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_Akhaven, Payam. 2001. Beyond Impunity: Can International Criminal Justice Prevent Atrocities? American Journal of International Law 95 (1):7-31.

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_Alvarez, José E. 1998. Rush to Closure: Lessons of the Tadic Judgment. Michigan Law Review 96 (7):2031-2112.

_Alvarez, José E. 2004. Trying Hussein: Between Hubris and Hegemony. Journal of International Criminal Justice 2 (2):319-329.

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_Arbour, Louise, and Aryeh Neier. 1998. History and Future of the International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. American University International Law Review 13 (6):1495-1508.

_Arendt, Hannah. 1990. Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil. New York, NY: Viking Press.

_Arnson, Cynthia J. 1999. Comparative Peace Processes in Latin America. Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.

_Askin, Kelly D. 2000. Judgments Rendered in 1999 by the International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and for Rwanda. ILSA Journal of International and Comparative Law 6 (2):485-505.

_Aspen Institute. 1989. State Crimes: Punishment or Pardon. New York, NY: Aspen Institute.

_Aydelott, Danise. 1993. Mass Rape During War: Prosecuting Bosnian Rapists Under International Law. Emory International Law Review 7 (2):585-631.

_Baird, Jay A. 1972. From Nuremberg to My Lai. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath.

_Bald, Stephanie H. 2002. Searching for a Lost Childhood: Will the Special Court of Sierra Leone Find Justice for its Children? American University International Law Review 18 (2):537-583.

_Bang-Jensen, Nina, Tom Gjelten, Roy Gutman, Ivana Nizich, and Thomas Warrick. 1998. Tribunal Justice: The Challenges, the Record and the Prospects. American University International Law Review 13 (6):1541-1577.

_Bass, Gary J. 2000. Stay the Hand of Vengeance: The Politics of War Crimes Tribunals. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

_Bassiouni, M. Cherif. 1986. Nuremberg Forty Years After: An Introduction. Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law 18 (2):261-266.

_Bassiouni, M. Cherif. 1987. A Draft International Criminal Code and Draft Statute for an International Criminal Tribunal. Boston, MA: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.

_Bassiouni, M. Cherif. 1996. Searching for Peace and Achieving Justice: The Need for Accountability. Law and Contemporary Problems 59 (4):9-28.

_Bassiouni, M. Cherif. 1997. From Versailles to Rwanda in Seventy-Five Years: The Need to Establish a Permanent International Criminal Court. Harvard Human Rights Journal 10:11-62.

_Bassiouni, M. Cherif, ed. 2002. Post-Conflict Justice. Ardsley, NY: Transnational Publishers.

_Bassiouni, M. Cherif. 2002. The United Nations Commission of Experts Established Pursuant to Security Council Resolution 780 (1992) to Investigate Violations of International Humanitarian Law in the Former Yugoslavia. In Post-Conflict Justice, edited by M. C. Bassiouni. Ardsley, NY: Transnational Publishers.

_Bassiouni, M. Cherif. 2005. Post-Conflict Justice in Iraq: An Appraisal of the Iraq Special Tribunal. Cornell International Law Journal 38 (2):327-390.

_Bassiouni, M. Cherif, Charles N. Brower, Claudio Grossman, Diane F. Orentlicher, Tina Rosenberg, David J. Scheffer, and Paul R. Williams. 1998. War Crimes Tribunals: The Record and the Prospects. American University International Law Review 13 (6):1383-1411.

_Bassiouni, M. Cherif, Mark S. Ellis, Stephan Landsman, Madeline Morris, Diane F. Orentlicher, Michael P. Scharf, and Paul R. Williams. 2002. Proposed Guiding Principles for Combating Impunity for International Crimes. In Post-Conflict Justice, edited by M. C. Bassiouni. Ardsley, NY: Transnational Publishers.

_Bassiouni, M. Cherif, and Michael Wahid Hanna. 2007. Ceding the High Ground: The Iraqi High Criminal Court Statute and the Trial of Saddam Hussein. Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law 39 (1-2):21-98.

_Bassiouni, M. Cherif, and Peter Manikas. 1996. The Law of the International Criminal Tribunal For the Former Yugoslavia. Irvington-on-Hudson, NY: Transnational Publishers.

_Beigbeder, Yves, and Theo Van Boven. 1999. Judging War Criminals: The Politics of International Justice. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press.

_Bell, Rose. 1996. Truth Commissions and War Tribunals. Index on Censorship 25 (5):148-151.

_Benomar, Jamal. 1993. Justice after Transitions. Journal of Democracy 4 (1):3-14.

_Berat, Lynn. 1993. Prosecuting Human Rights Violators From a Predecessor Regime. Guidelines for a Transformed South Africa. Boston College Third World Law Journal 13 (2):199-231.

_Beres, Louis René. 1998. Why and How Saddam Must Be Punished: A Jurisprudential/Philosophical Explanation. University of Detroit Mercy Law Review 75 (4):667-680.

_Beresford, Stuart. 2002. Redressing the Wrongs of the International Justice System: Compensation for Persons Erroneously Detained, Prosecuted, or Convicted by the Ad Hoc Tribunals. American Journal of International Law 96 (3):628-646.

_Best, Geoffrey. 1984. Nuremburg and After: The Continuing History of War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity. Reading, PA: University of Reading Press.

_Binder, Guyora. 1989. Representing Nazism: Advocacy and Identity at the Trial of Klaus Barbie. Yale Law Journal 98 (7):1321-1383.

_Bizos, George. 2003. Why Prosecutions are Necessary. In The Provocations of Amnesty: Memory, Justice and Impunity, edited by C. Villa-Vicencio and E. Doxtader. Cape Town, South Africa: David Philip Publishers.

_Blakesley, Christopher L. 1997. Atrocity and Its Prosecution: The Ad Hoc Tribunals for Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. In The Law of War Crimes: National and International Approaches, edited by T. L. H. McCormack and G. J. Simpson. The Hague, Netherlands: Kluwer Law International.

_Blaser, Arthur. 1992. How To Advance Justice without Really Trying: An Analysis of Non-governmental Tribunals. Human Rights Quarterly 14 (3):339-370.

_Bodley, Anne. 1999. Weakening the Principle of Sovereignty in International Law: The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. New York University Journal of International Law and Politics 31 (2-3):417-472.

_Boed, Roman. 2000. The Effect of a Domestic Amnesty on the Ability of Foreign States to Prosecute Alleged Perpetrators of Serious Human Rights Violations. Cornell International Law Journal 33 (2):297-330.

_Boed, Roman. 2002. The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. In Post-Conflict Justice, edited by M. C. Bassiouni. Ardsley, NY: Transnational Publishers.

_Boelaert-Suominen, Sonja. 2001. Prosecuting Superiors for Crimes Committed by Subordinates: A Discussion of the First Significant Case Law since the Second World War. Virginia Journal of International Law 41 (4):747-785.

_Borneman, John. 1997. Settling Accounts: Violence, Justice, and Accountability in Postsocialist Europe. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

_Brackman, Arnold. 1987. The Other Nuremberg: The Untold Story of the Tokyo War Crimes Trials. New York, NY: William Morrow and Co., Inc.

_Braithwaite, John. 1989. Crime, Shame, and Reintegration. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

_Brody, Reed. 2001. Justice: The First Casualty of Truth? The Global Movement to End Impunity for Human Rights Abuses Faces a Daunting Question. Nation April 30th.

_Brown, Bartram S. 1998. Primacy or Complementarity: Reconciling the Jurisdiction of National Courts and International Criminal Tribunals. Yale Journal of International Law 23 (2):383-436.

_Buruma, Ian. 1989. The Other Nuremberg: the Untold Story of the Tokyo War Crimes Trials. New York Review of Books, 31-38.

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